Mesothelioma Cancer Stages Explained

Mesothelioma cancer is a type of cancer that attacks the lungs and chest cavity. Also known as asbestos lung cancer, it forms deadly tumors where mesothelial cancer cells form a protective lining over the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs. It is a type of lung cancer that takes many years to develop and produce symptoms. Roughly 3,000 cases per year (mostly men over the age of 40) are reported. It is estimated that number will grow to about 300,000 cases before 2030.

Types of Mesothelioma Asbestos Cancer

Epithelial mesothelioma is a rare and fatal form of cancer affecting the membrane lining of the chest cavity, heart, lungs, and abdominal cavity. There are three forms of epithelial mesothelioma: the most common is Pleural Mesothelioma, the second most common, Peritoneal Mesothelioma (accounting for only a quarter of the cases), and the rarest form, pericardial mesothelioma.

Pleural mesothelioma, the most common type of this disease involves the pleura, a thin membrane located between the lungs and the chest cavity. The pleura provide a lubricated surface so that the lungs do not rub and chafe against the chest walls. There are two types of pleural mesothelioma the first being 'diffuse and malignant'. This type is cancerous and is generally fatal within a year of diagnosis. The second type is 'localized and benign' and is generally non-life threatening. It can usually be removed through surgery.

Lung Lining cancer is not to be confused with lung cancer. In lung lining cancer, the effected area of the body is called the mesothelium, a thin membrane that covers many of the internal organs of the body. The mesothelium of the lungs is called the pleura. Lung Lining cancer is also sometimes called mesothelioma after the area in which it occurs.

This thin membrane is comprised of two layers - one that surrounds the organ and another that forms an exterior sac around the first layer. Between the layers of the mesothelium is a fluid that allows vital organs to glide easily against objects that come in contact with them.

Localized pleural mesothelioma is not always caused by asbestos exposure. However, if it has spread to other parts of the body, for instance the lymph nodes, lungs, chest wall, or abdominal organs, then it is considered malignant and is more often than not the result of asbestos exposure.

Peritoneal mesothelioma appears as a tumor in the peritoneum membrane of the abdomen. This type of mesothelioma is very rare, comprising less than a fourth of all known cases of the disease. There are no effective treatments for this condition, and most patients live less than a year after diagnosis.

Mesentery cancer is likened to peritoneal cancer (mesothelioma). This cancer primarily affects the sections of the peritoneum that attach different organs to the wall of the abdominal cavity, (i.e. mesogastrium for the stomach, mesojejunum for the jejunum). Mesentery cancer includes all abdominal peritoneal extensions. Tumors rarely originate in the actual mesentery, though it is a frequent route for the spread of mesothelioma through the abdominal cavity.

Pericardial mesothelioma is the rarest form of mesothelioma, affecting the membrane around the heart (called the pericardium or pericardial sac). In this disease, solid masses and effusion (fluid) develop around the pericardium. Not all effusions are strictly related to mesothelioma.

The Causes

Mesothelioma cancer is caused by exposure to asbestos fibers or dust. Workers in the asbestos industry are prime targets for attracting this deadly disease. Asbestos fibers enter the body, either by breathing in the tiny asbestos fibers or by swallowing them. The fibers cause healthy cells to mutate into cancer. Since the body is unable to dispel these fibers, the lungs become inflamed (asbestosis). This condition worsens and eventually becomes malignant. Asbestos exposure is thought to be responsible for roughly 75% of all cases of lung lining cancer.

Symptoms

Mesothelioma is a very difficult cancer to detect in early stages. The early symptoms tend to be generic and even nonexistent in some cases, and it can take as much as 15 to 50 years after exposure to develop. The first symptom is often constant chest pain, followed by coughing, lung damage, and shortness of breath. Patients who have peritoneal mesothelioma (a less common form of mesothelioma) generally experience abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal swelling, often in addition to the symptoms of pleural mesothelioma. They may also develop bowel obstruction or further breathing obstruction.

Stages and Diagnosis of Mesothelioma

There are three staging systems used to determine treatment for mesothelioma: Butchart System, TNM System, and the Brigham System

Butchart Staging System

The Butchart System is the oldest system and the most common. This system concentrates upon determining the extent of primary tumor mass and divides mesothelioma into four stages.

Stage I of the Butchart System consists of the presence of mesothelioma in the lining of the right or left lung and may also involve the diaphragm on the same side. Stage II includes the progression of mesothelioma into the chest wall, esophagus, or lung lining on bother sides. There may also be lymph nodes in the chest. The onset of Stage III begins when the mesothelioma surpasses the diaphragm into the lining of the abdominal cavity or peritoneum. In this stage the cancer may also affect the lymph nodes extending beyond those in the chest. Doctors identify Stage IV, the final stage, when evidence of the spread of cancer to other organs (metastasis) is confirmed.

TNM System

Stage I of the TNM System involves the lining of the right or left lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side. At this stage, lymph nodes are not involved. Stage II begins when mesothelioma spreads from the lining of the lung on one side to a lymph node on the same side. At this stage, the cancer may also spread to the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side. Stage III begins when mesothelioma is present in the chest wall, muscle, ribs, heart, esophagus, or other organs in the chest on the same side as the primary tumor. In the final stage, Stage IV, the mesothelioma has travelled into the lymph nodes in the chest on the side opposite the primary tumor, into the lung opposite the primary tumor, or directly into the organs in the abdominal cavity or neck. Metastasis is the final result in this stage.

Brigham System

The Brigham System determines the resectability (the ability to surgically remove) the mesothelioma mass. In Stage I the tumor is resectable, while lymph nodes remain unaffected. In Stage II the tumor remains respectable but the mesothelioma affects the lymph nodes. In Stage III the tumor becomes unresectable. It has penetrated through the diaphragm, or peritoneum. Stage III can occur with or without lymph involvement and extends into the chest wall and heart. Stage IV occurs when doctors discover metastatic disease involving distant organs.

After doctors identify the stage of a patient's malignant mesothelioma, the patient and doctor consider the various treatment options available. Mesothelioma treatment programs are contingent upon many factors, including the stage of the cancer, the location of the cancer, the spread of mesothelioma cancer, the characteristics of the cancer cells under a microscope and the patient's age and concerns.

About the Author:

Dave Casey is a freelance writer for Mesothelioma-Adviser.com, a comprehensive informational site on mesothelioma cancer. He hopes to expose the continued cover-up of the asbestos industry responsible for the causes of mesothelioma.

Copyright 2007 Mesothelioma-Adviser.com

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Mesothelioma Cancer – The Cause

Mesothelioma Cancer

Mesothelioma is a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos without adequate protection to the mouth and nose. Asbestos is a fibrous mineral that was discovered in the 1860s, but later became popular in the 1930s. Asbestos was used heavily in construction, because it is resistant to fire, even at high temperatures. Only much later in the 1960s, it became clear that asbestos was the cause of a number of diseases. These diseases are mesothelioma, asbestosis and lung cancer.

When exposed to asbestos without sufficient protection, a person to inhale a lot of small asbestos fibers suspended in the air. These go into the airways and make the best preserved in the lining of the lungs. An accumulation of these fibers can cause the cells to make it unusual and may cause mesothelioma. When asbestos fibers that enter the lymphatic system, they can be transported and finally placed in the wall of the abdomen or the heart wall.

Mesothelioma Symptoms vary depending on the type of mesothelioma a patient has. However, there are some common symptoms of all types. These include chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, coughing up blood, weight loss and poor appetite. These symptoms usually effective if the cancer has advanced and is well developed. Due to the fact that these symptoms occur in a number of other common diseases such as pneumonia, mesothelioma is very difficult to diagnose in an early stage.

For now, mesothelioma has no cure and all currently available therapies have a success rate very low. The effectiveness of treatment depends largely on how aggressively and cancer is treated early. If it at a later date if it is processed fully developed, it is extremely difficult, almost impossible to cure. The treatment methods include surgery, in two types, aggressive surgery and palliative care, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and double rooms, which are a combination of the three major combined treatments. Combination therapy showed promising signs as far as a healer for mesothelioma.

Research is currently known in several laboratories around the world, the United States especially, but only that there was no major breakthrough. There are also many pharmaceutical companies are trying to find new chemotherapeutic agents to improve quality and effectiveness of currently available. There are many researchers who believe that there is long-awaited new treatment for mesothelioma not too distant to be detected

Mesothelioma Cancer

Lung Cancer – Mesothelioma Cancer

With respect to cancer, diseases of cancer, is the last thing you want. Lung cancer is a relatively common form of cancer, not just for smokers. Lung cancer is the result of DNA mutation. DNA is the code in our cells that determines our physical characteristics. When our cells divide, they are an exact replica of the DNA at any time. Medical research has discovered, it takes several mutations in lung cancer cells create.
Lung cancer, with many variations, but still classified as primary or secondary cancer. Now, understand, the main indication is relatively simple. That implies that cancer cells have formed in the lungs and far between. The minor version is often described as "unfortunate" because the cancer did not begin in the lungs, but made his way into the lungs from another part of the body where the cancer exists. In fact, one of the biggest problems associated with cancer, it is easy to find the original location.
Lung cancer is the third most common cancer, but the cause of death. They account for about 15 percent of all cancers diagnosed annually, but kill the highest percentage of people [29 percent] of all cancers. There are several reasons why, when it comes to fall ill with lung cancer. Smoking is clearly the most important factor, and caused more than a hundred thousand people die every year from smoking problem. In other words, exposure to substances such as radon, asbestos and tobacco smoke also is problematic. Unfortunately, some cases are simply intended to occur as a matter of genetics.
As with most cancers, lung cancer is the key to early diagnosis. This is a frightening diagnosis, but all is not lost, given the advances in medicine.

Mesothelioma Cancer

Mesothelioma is a type of cancer involving mesothelial tissues of body organs usually lungs or abdominal. It is often caused by exposure to asbestos. However, there are 30-50% of patients without any history of asbestos exposure. People who have received asbestos exposure of as little as one or two months to very low doses are at risk of mesothelioma cancer. Even people who wash clothes of asbestos exposed people are at risk. A person exposed to asbestos could develop mesothelioma after 50 years of exposure.

People in the occupations such as construction jobs in shipyards, insulators, boilermakers, etc. are at the risk of contracting asbestos disease.

The 2 common types of mesothelioma are:

Pleural mesothelioma (lung cancer) and Peritoneal mesothelioma (abdomen organs).

The survival time for a patient with diffuse malignant mesothelioma is from 4 to 24 months from the observance of the symptoms. Mesothelioma is also difficult to diagnose.

The chance of recovery for a patient with mesothelioma depends on size and location of the cancer, age of the patient and his response to the treatment.

Presently, the treatment options for mesotheliomas are:

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Surgery and Photodynamic therapy

There is some evidence that provitamin A or beta-carotene may decrease the risk of mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma Cancer

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